117) The effective length of a battened strut effectively held in position at both ends but not restrained in direction is taken as

118) The maximum slenderness ratio of a compression member carrying both dead and superimposed load is

119) The maximum slenderness ratio of a steel column, the design of which is governed by wind or seismic forces is

120) According to IS:800, in the Merchant Rankine formula the value of imperfection index (n) is

121) The best arrangement to provide unified behaviour in built up steel columns is by