1.18

1.414

1.67

1.81

rectangular beams up to 300 mm depth

all rectangular beams

solid circular beams only

all square cross-section beams

1/12 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/120 of maxi-mum strain

1/2 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/12 of maxi-mum strain

1/12 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and 1/200 of maximum strain

1/24 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/200 of maximum strain

lower and upper bounds respectively on the strength of structure

upper and lower bounds respectively on the strength of structure

lower bound on the strength of structure

upper bound on the strength of structure

linear

parabolic

constant moment for all curvatures

constant curvature for all moments